第十一章 犀牛做超声(第7/7页)
人类世通常被认为始于工业革命,或者可能还要更晚一些,是随着第二次世界大战之后的人口爆炸式增长才开始的。在这种认识中,是涡轮机、铁路、链锯等现代化工具的引入才让人类成为改变世界的力量,进而开启了人类世。但是巨兽的灭绝说明事实并非如此。在人类出现在地球舞台上之前,体型更大、繁殖率更低本来是个成功的策略,这让特大号生物主导了这颗星球。后来,在地质学上的某一瞬间,这个策略成了失败者的把戏。至今仍是如此。这也就是为什么象、熊以及大型猫科动物陷入了麻烦之中,也是苏吉成为世界上仅存的少数几头苏门答腊犀之一的原因。与此同时,消灭巨兽并不仅仅是消灭了巨兽。至少在澳大利亚,它引发了一场生态连锁反应,最终改变了地貌。虽然我们或许可以怀着美好的愿望,想象人类与自然曾经有过和谐共处的时光,然而事实上我们并不清楚人类是否真的做到过这一点。
[1] Ludovic Orlando et al.,“Ancient DNA Analysis Reveals Woolly Rhino Evolutionary Relationships,”Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28(2003):485-499.
[2] E.O.Wilson,The Future of Life(2002;reprint,New York:Vintage,2003),80.
[3] 我国作为《濒危野生动植物国际贸易公约》的签约国,早在1993年起就禁止犀牛角的贸易,并取消了犀牛角的药用标准,在药典中推荐以水牛角替代古方中的犀牛角。——译者
[4] Adam Welz,“The Dirty War Against Africa’s Remaining Rhinos,”e360,published online Nov.27,2012.
[5] Fiona Maisels et al.,“Devastating Decline of Forest Elephants in Central Africa,”PLOS ONE 8(2013).
[6] Thomas Lovejoy,“A Tsunami of Extinction,”Scientific American,Dec.2012,33-34.
[7] 20世纪50年代推出的迷你车型,车长3米,以大众甲壳虫为竞争对手,在欧洲有着出色的销量。——译者
[8] Tim F.Flannery,The Future Eaters:An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and People(New York:G.B raziller,1995),55.
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[10] Alfred Russel Wallace,The Geographical Distribution of Animals with a Study of the Relations of Living and Extinct Faunas as Elucidating the Past Changes of the Earth’s Surface,vol.1(New York:Harper and B rothers,1876),150.
[11] Robert Morgan,“Big Bone Lick,”posted online at<http://www.big-bone-lick.com/2011/10/>.
[12] Charles Lyell,Travels in North America,Canada,and Nova Scotia with Geological Observations,2nd ed.(London:J.Murray,1855),67.
[13] Charles Lyell,Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man,with Remarks on Theories of the Origin of Species by Variation,4th ed.,revised(London:J.Murray,1873),189.
[14] Quoted in Donald K.Grayson,“Nineteenth Century Explanations,”in Quaternary Extinctions:A Prehistoric Revolution,edited by Paul S.Martin and Richard G.Klein(Tucson:University of Arizona Press,1984),32.
[15] Wallace,The Geographical Distributionof Animals,150-151.
[16] Alfred R.Wallace,The World of Life:A Manifestation of Creative Power,Directive Mind and Ultimate Purpose(New York:Moffat,Yard,1911),264.
[17] Paul S.Martin,“Prehistoric Overkill,”in Pleistocene Extinctions:The Search for a Cause,edited by Paul S.Martin and H.E.Wright(New Haven,Conn.:Yale University Press,1967),115.
[18] Jared Diamond,Guns,Germs,and Steel:The Fates of Human Societies(New York:Norton,1997),43.[译文参考贾雷德·戴蒙德《枪炮、病菌与钢铁——人类社会的命运》(修订版),谢廷光译,上海译文出版社,2014年,第12页。——译者]
[19] Susan Rule et al.,“The Aftermath of Megafaunal Extinction:Ecosystem Transformation in Pleistocene Australia,”Science 335(2012):1483-1486.
[20] John Alroy,“A Multispecies Overkill Simulation of the End-Pleistocene Megafaunal Mass Extinction,”Science 292(2001):1893-1896.
[21] John Alroy,“Putting North America’s End-Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction in Context,”in Extinctions in Near Time:Causes,Contexts,and Consequences,edited by Ross D.E.MacPhee(New York:Kluwer Academic/Plenum,1999),138.