一个制度并非因存在而有功能，反之，乃是因为它有功能所以存在。
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(1) “精气信仰”（animism）是相信内在的灵性可以脱离所附的物体而呈现，成为一个幻影。“万物有灵论”（animatism）是将各种东西看做有生命和有人格的，但魂并不离体。以上参阅《人类学大纲》（Notes and Queries on Anthropology），p. 183。(2) H. J. T. Johnson, "Priest, priesthood(Chinese)", Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. X, pp. 290-291.(3) M. A. Czaplicka, Aboriginal Siceria Quotations, p. 166.(4) J. A. MacBulloch, "Shamanism", Ency. of Religion and Ethics, Vol XI, p. 441.(5) Ibid., pp. 441-442.(6) M. A. Czaplicka, Aboriginal Siceria Quotations, p. 203.(7) ShiroKogoroff, Psychomental Complex of the Tungus, p. 388n.(8) A. Goblenweiser, Anthropology.(9) Malinowski, Myth in Primitive Psychology, p. 28.