第二部分进一步阅读书目(第2/5页)

近来关于中世纪经济史的著作围绕着亨利·皮朗在Mohammed and Charlgemagne(New York,1955)提出、在他的Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe(New York,197)一书中确立的“皮朗假设”而展开。The Cambridge Economic History of Europe,3 vols.(Cambridge,1941~63)反映了专家的一致意见;C.S.and C.S.L.Orwin,The Open Fields,2nd ed.(Oxford,1954)把农业的实际经验用于阐述争议众多的庄园土地类型。近来由杰出学者撰写的综合性著作包括:M.M.Postan,The Medieval Economy and Society:An Economic History of Britain,1100~1500(Berkeley,1972),和Robert S.Lopez,The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages (Englewood Cliffs,N.J.,1971)。

在政治事件方面,接受一份比大多数著作更有趣味更重要的书目似乎是最好的办法;Marc Bloch,Feudal Society(Chicago,1961);Carl Stephenson,Medieval Feudalism(Ithaca,N.Y.,1942);Sir Steven Runciman,A History of the Crusades,3 vols.(Cambridge,1951~54);Charles Homer Haskins,The Normans in European History (Boston,1915);Geoffrey Barraclough,The Origins of Modern Germany,2nd ed.(Oxford,1947);和P.H.Sawyer,The Age of Vikings(New York,1962)。

关于文化史,基于同样武断原则建议书目如下:R.W.Southern,The Making of the Middle Ages(New Haven,1953);Christopher Dawson,The Making of Europe(London,1932);John Huizinga,The Waning of the Middle Ages(London,1924);L.J.Daley,The Medieval University(New York,1961);Charles Homer Haskins,The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century(Cambridge,Mass.,1927);C.H.McIlwain,The Growth of Political Thought in the West(New York,1932);David Knowles,The Evolution of Medieval Thought(London,1962);Ernst Kitzinger,Early Medieval Art in the British Museum,2nd ed.(London,1955);Erwin Panofsky,Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism(Latrobe,Pa.,1951);Paul Oskar Kristeller,Renaissance Thought:The Classic,Scholastic and Humanist Strains,rev.ed.,2 vols.(New York,1961);Ernst Cassirer et al.eds.,The Renaissance Philosophy of Man(Chicago,1948)。David Talbot Rice,ed.,The Dawn of European Civilization(London,1965)是一部插图精美的介绍欧洲和近东艺术第一个千年纪的著作。两部总论性的著作追溯了欧洲的重要主题:Clarence Glacken,Traces on the Rhodian Shore(Berkeley,1967),讨论了欧洲关于自然的观念,和Herschel Baker,The Dignity of Man(Cambridge,Mass.,1947,新书名,The Image of Man,New York,1961)。

关于东欧的英语著作较少,但是下列著作值得推荐:Archibald R.Lewis,Naval Power and Trade in the Mediterranean,A.D.500~1000(Princeton,1951);Sir Steven Runciman,Byzantine Civilization(London,1933);William H.McNeill,Venice:The Hinge of Europe,1081~1797(Chicago,1974);Norman H.Baynes and H.St.L.B.Moss,eds.,Byzantium(Oxford,1961);Peter Charanis,Studies on the Demography of the Byzantine Empire:Collected Studies(London,1972);O.M.Dalton, East Christian Art:A Survey of the Monuments(Oxford,1925);N.P.Kondakov,The Russian Icon(Oxford,1927);George Vernadsky,A History of Russia,5 vols.(New Haven,1943),和Jerome Blum,Lord and Peasant in Russia(Princeton,1961)。

伊斯兰王国。这是一个灵活的词语,因为伊斯兰教在诞生后的1000年里一直使人皈依,并扩张领土基础,事实上今天仍然如此。此外,在这个总标题下考察一下帕提亚和萨珊帝国也很方便,因为在许多方面,它们是阿拔斯王朝哈里发的先驱。总体说来,对伊朗的研究很少。两部简明的概论著作是:Richard N.Frye,Heritage of Persia(Cleveland,1963),和Roman Ghirshman,Iran from the Earliest Times to the IslamicConquest(Penguin,1961)。关于波斯和萨珊时期,参见:Neilson C.Debevoise,A Political History of Parthian(Chicago,1938);对于通法语的读者来说,可以参考Arthur Christensen, LIran sous les Sassanides, 2nd ed.(Copenhagen,1944);Roman Chirshman,Persian Art,The Parthian and Sassanian Dynasties(New York,1962);和Arthur Upham Pope and Phyllis Ackerman,eds.,A Survey of Persian Art,7 vols.(London and New York,1938~39)都是非常优秀的。关于宗教史,F.C.Burkitt,The Religion of the Manichees(Cambridge,1925)和其他两部著作:Robert Charles Zaehner,The Dawn and Twlight of Zoroastrianism(New York,1961),和Zurvan:A Zoroastrian Dilemma(Oxford,1955)也方便易得。

在众多概述伊斯兰教的著作中,下列著作尤为出色:H.A.R.Gibb,Mohammedanism:A Historical Survey,2nd ed.(London,1953);Bernard Lewis,The Arabs in History(London and New York,1950);Marshall G.S.Hodgson,The Venture of Islam:Conscience and History in a World Civilization,3 vols.(Chicago,1974);Gustave E.von Grunebaum,Medieval Islam:A Study in Cultural Orientation,2nd ed.(Chicago,1955);T.W.Arnold,The Caliphate(Oxford,1924);T.W.Arnold,The Preaching of Islam,2nd ed.(London,1913)。关于穆罕默德的生平,Tor Andrae,Mohammed:The Man and His Faith(New York,1956),W.Montgomery Watt,Muhammad at Merca(Oxford,1953)和W.Montgomery Watt,Muhammad at Medina(Oxford,1956)是非常优秀的著作。《古兰经》有多种译本存在;似乎没有一部英语版本达到了原著的文学功力,我无法确定最佳译本。Eric Schroeder,Muhammads People(Freeport,Me.,1955)是阿拉伯特别是伊斯兰教之前的诗歌的大杂烩译本。William Polk,The Golden Ode(Chicago,1974)翻译了前伊斯兰教阿拉伯的重要著作,并且把它作为阿拉伯社会的一种介绍而加以讨论。完全不同风格的是Ibn Khaldun,The Muquaddimah:An Introduction to History,tr.Franz Rosenthal,3 vols.(New York,1958)。W.Montgomer Watt,tr.,The Faith and Practice of Al-Ghazali(London and New York,1953),是一位著名的穆斯林神学家的自传,提供了洞悉穆斯林文明的第三只眼。